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[ Defence(less) PART I ] - [ Defence(less) PART II ] - [ Defence Solutions ] - [ Letter to Defence Minister ] Introduction Regardless of popular theory, a country such as New Zealand, with its remoteness and reliance on massive trade routes through a less than stable region does require a self sufficient and well maintained Defence Force. This must be coupled with a effective means of surveillance and logistical capacity to act effectively both independently and alongside our allies. There is no argument that current economy decline does not support such a reality, but Defence must be treated with much more respect than it has been for the last twenty years. The fact is Defence in this country is in dire straits and it is time to stop making excuses. Polls make it clear that Kiwis' regard a solid and capable Defence Force, but for some reason few are willing for any real monies to be spent to ensure it. Being unwilling to pay the price comes at a much higher cost. Not all options have been explored, and some will not be. After all, New Zealand could not possibly purchase MiG aircraft or use ASN or Groza weapons because it just wouldn't be politically feasible. Some might have perceived it a good exchange for dairy and wool produce. New Zealand Army Individual Weapon Options It has been found that many personnel deployed in Afghanistan in recent months have had one major issue with the otherwise successful M16 series of weapons. Knock down power. That is, the weapon's ability to take down a target with minimal difficulty at reasonable ranges, rather than the potentially life threatening necessity of having to take multiple shots. During the '91 Gulf War many British soldiers used the old SLR, which is chambered for the full power 7.62mm cartridge. A new rifle, with the advances of modern technology, and chambered for the NATO standard round seems like an ideal proposition. If the way could be seen forward to produce a rifle from the ground up considering feedback from soldiers, it wouldn't be foolish. New Zealand has the engineers and the know how. In the end it defies belief that a country like New Zealand can be a major player in the world spygame with the likes of Echelon yet we are unable to provide a satisfactory rifle for our soldiers, sailors and airmen. Some in the services have even begged the question how you can be issued a light machinegun which, while it can take M16 magazines in an emergency but our current rifles, the Steyr, negates this benefit. That being said the C9 Minimi is probably one of the best weapons we currently have in our armouries regarding its designed application. This, therefore, is a minor argument for the M16A2 or similar. Steyr When they say the sale goes to the lowest bidder in military circles they were certainly not wrong when it came to the Steyr. We have had this Australian version of the original Austrian AUG for the better part of 20 years and only the adequate training of our personnel has countered its less than reasonable performance in the field. The Australians are currently looking for a more satisfactory replacement. So should we. Fogging optics, junk magazines and a barrel that can not sustain a reasonable rate of automatic rifle and fallible safety mechanisms are just some of the issues with this rifle. Not acceptable no matter the good accuracy it produces, when there are plenty of sturdy and more reliable options available. To prevent any need for a change in training the New Zealand government could quite easily invest in a replacement lot of rifles from the original designer, Steyr of Austria. Otherwise purchasing the M16A4 or similar would be wise. This is the most recent rifle in the M16 family. One aspect of the F88 Steyr can be summed up by an actual order by the Australian Army, order No. 7196-94 which indicated that the Steyr should not be used on rapid fire for long because plastic parts melted. Colt M16 The M16A2 and many derivatives have been used without fault by the US since 1985. One of the few complaints from troops is its lack of fully automatic fire, the US Army opting for a burst mode of three rounds instead, for ammunition conservation. This is easily remedied by changing trigger group options, as can be seen with the M4A1 Carbine used by US SOF personnel. Diemaco C7 and C8 weapons, as an alternative could be purchased from Canada. These are product improved models and are considered amongst the best available. The SAS use Diemaco.
Heckler und Koch G36 Germany has recently introduced the G36 and MG36 series which is made by Heckler und Koch, makers of the famed MP5 series of submachineguns used by our own Special Forces. With the failure of the British SA80 in service the German G36 seems to be the avenue UK Forces will be taking if not the M16 route, as the British Special Forces use the US rifle. The G36 can mount the native HK AG36 40mm grenade launcher while the MG36 Light Support Weapon (LSW) model comes with a bipod and uses C-MAG100 drums, which allow for sustained fire. They are also better for ammunition in unfavourable terrain then more common loose belts. This weapon system comes with x3.5 magnification optics as standard. The G36 is the basis for the new US Army rifle, proposed for adoption in 2008, the XM8. Singapore Assault Rifle SAR21 This compact light and tough modern rifle from CIS in Singapore has built in x1.5 optics for target clarity and a Laser Aiming Device (LAD) for rapid target acquisition as standard. But like the Steyr, the SAR21 is a bullpup rifle and therefore an operator has difficulty making full use of cover when firing around an off-hand corner. For the upcoming mechanisation of the Regular Force (RF) Infantry battalions a bullpup rifle would be favourable, and the SAR21 would be a good alternative to the Steyr. This rifle can mount an under-barrel 40mm grenade launcher, an essential requirement not only for the Infantryman in an offensive capacity but also for a operator who requires 'less than lethal' means, enabling the use of baton and teargas rounds. This rifle is a local version of the Israeli TAR21 with some innovations including a floating point recticle for improved operator accuracy and increased target acquirement. The SAR21, like the current Steyr features a transparent magazine enabling the operator to rapidly inspect their ammunition status. The SAR21 has yet to be extensively tested in the jungle environment.
DSA SA58 Battle Rifle This rifle, coming in many different layouts for different operational requirements, is FN FAL based off the SA58 model from Austria. DSA of the United States uses the orginal blueprints and have modified this classic rifle to be a highly effective modern rifle using NATO standard 7.62x51mm ammunition. This provides the first hit knock down power negating the often required follow up shots from 5.56mm rifles. The substanically more powerful ammunition is used in current issue General Purpose Machine guns (GPMG) and Sniper Rifles. Some form of Light Support Weapon (LSW) would be required to replace the C9 Mimini in this role if an entire rifle section was to have single round commonality. The new MG43 is being considered to be being produced in 7.62mm so this could be an option, from Heckler und Koch. The US conversion of the C9 Minimi to 7.62mm, the Mk 48 Mod 0, is another option. While the rest of the western world complains and pains the uses of a calibre which is not up to the task, New Zealand could take the lead and demonstrate some inititive, solving a problem that didn't need to have arisen in the first place. The realities of combat against extremists means wounded opposing forces are a danger to our personnel, not a liability to the enemy. There is no reason why a 7.62x51mm could be reintroduced, or a 7.62x45mm could be made. To support this one only needs to see the sense of the Russian move to 9x39mm ammunition which uses the same length of existing cartridge while increasing the calibre. With the likes of the OT-14 series of new bullpup Assault Rifles there is the 9x39 and the 7.62x39mm (AK / AKM fame) offering yet no 5.45x39mm option offered, which was for the later AK-74 rifle. Basically the new cartridge would be based off a necked up 5.56x45mm (M16 / Steyr), taking a 7.62mm projectile (SLR / GPMG). Rifling would be modified in order to maximise the preformance of the new round. We can reduce recoil while increasing impact potency. If the US can develop the 20mm grenade launcher for the OICW XM29, then surly we too can come up with improved grenade munitions for a Rifle / Grenade Launcher system to replace the outdated single shot pump action 40mm M203. Developed, designed and manufactured, proven to be a effective weapon, the export potential is unquestionably positive. If one needs a regional example Singapore should be suitable example. Less than Lethal (LTL) rounds would also be developed along with traditional ammunition types, including desintergrating riot control grenades. Any rifle must be modular and capable of taking dedicated specialist accessories for any percievable task of NZDF personnel. This will include all manner of sighting and survillance scopes, which will negate the need for resighting between modules. Effective low light optics are essential. Good quality field sights are a must in the event that optics fail. A grenade launcher, either semi-automatic or pump-action, and magazine fed, should be utalised in order to increase the capacity of traditionally single shot weapons while permitting rapid follow up shots where required. Intergral bipods can be considered to increase accuracy of stationary and prone shooting. The values of snap shooting and traditional marksmanship must be constantly reinforced, as opposed to the modern concept of firepower suppression.
FN SCAR (Special Forces Combat Assault Rifle) Based on the Belgium arms company's FN FNC rifle, the SCAR is witness to a further desire of military professionals to have at their disposal a personal weapon with more potent stopping power, a series of standard options and various chamberings. Seeing that this weapon has come out of specific requests for US Special Forces, those at the sharp end of current and future real world operations it must be taken seriously. SCAR-L is a 5.56mm variant, utalising the current NATO issue ammunition, which has seen itself somewhat a under performer in recent conflict. This has pressed the development of the 6.8mm SPC round to give troops more on target lethality. This aside this rifle has the options and capabilities needed for a wide range of the operational spectrum. SCAR-H is chambered for 7.62mm NATO - full power cartridge. Other options for calibre include the Russian 7.62x39mm used in AK / AKM rifles so prolific today. This allows for soldiers to use this (more than likely) operationally present round. Various barrel lengths, as is possible with the current Steyr rifle, allow for everything from close quarter battle (CQB) in urban situations, a more and more common situation a soldier will find themselves in, through to heavy sniper barrels. No doubt a light machinegun barrel with bipod support will be present as well. Upper and lower receivers allow for rapid exchange of barrels and magazine housings to promote the greatest possible flexibility in tactical application.We must be looking to the future and not simply opting for whatever is being pushed currently. It also suggests a serious need to press our own developments, not take the easy road of solely running with businesses pushing their own products. New Zealand has the engineers, and the experienced military personnel, to make this possible. A family of rifles with multiple calibres is not an overwhelming logistical nightmare or cost due to the fact at least three calibres will always be present for different roles. 9mm for pistols and submachine guns, 5.56mm for rifles, 7.62mm for rifles and GPMGs. Then there is also .50 calibre for HMG and heavy sniper systems such as Barrett. The benefits of such a SCAR type rifle are multiple. Recruits can train on the low felt recoil of 5.56mm, then move on to a more potent 7.62mm when realistically capable. Soldiers used full power rounds for years. With modern technology the effects of this on accuracy can now be minimised. The lighter chamberings may be desired for certain deployments or jobs, so it makes sense to keep with such a calibre, unless something like the 6.8mm can be adopted. This is probably not logistically viable at this time. We need to be pro-active, especially in regards the adoption of an effective personal weapons system, of which our servicemen and women depend on for their lives. There can be no half measures. Operational deployment is deadly serious business, and the development and adoption of decent personal weapon must be taken in this vein.
SSW (Squad Support Weapon) The Squad Support Weapon is a development weapons system from Singapore Technologies Kinetics Ltd (ST Kinetics). Designed for urban operations it combines a PDW in either 5.7mm (FN P90) or 4.6mm (HK MP7) calibre and a over-barrel 40mm Air Bursting Munition (ABM) grenade launcher charged with a 4 round magazine. This area affect weapon is coupled with a Fire Control System (FCS) and is particular effective against entrenched positions. At present the PDW element is fed by a 20 round magazine and can be in either calibre depending on customer requirements. I think the greatest concern for use, especially in close contact may well be bulk, as opposed to weight. This could be countered by a effective but reduced calibre ABM, say in 25mm as with the XM25. This would also allow for a greater magazine capacity "on gun". No doubt a larger magazine capacity for the KE component is also in the works. The modern medium velocity grenades have an effective range of 500m, well beyond their conventional counterparts. The KE follows with its solo parents of influence and has an effective range of 200m. Many different combinations are being considered at present and the weapon is expected to be ready for demonstration in just three or four years. New Zealand needs to be looking into the future rather than simply taking whatever is avialable at the time of acquistion. As combat and peace-keeping missions become further urbanised and lethal we need to be thinking about what is the best option for both the soldier on the ground given the mission, and effective lethality. Singapore is certainly looking ahead and they are willing to invest in effective defence. A major regional and defence partner, this country is leaving nothing to chance. We would be well advised to follow their example.
Shotguns
Support Weapon Options Fire Support must be addressed and comes in several forms. In order for a force to be effective, both in Peacekeeping type operations and those of warfighting means, in order for our forces, most especially those at greatest risk, need multi faceted defence and support weapons. Indirect fire consists of automatic grenade launchers (AGL) which the New Zealand Army does not have, combat support Indirect Fire (IF), which commonly comes in the form of Artillery and mortars, which needs to be addressed. The existing systems may be sustainable for some time to come if the Army can acquire an AGL weapon and updated Anti-armour weapons. This seems to be the way the government is looking at this aspect currently. Direct Fire Support Weapons (DFSW) are line of sight type weapons whereby the operator can see their target or otherwise can gain a more or less flat plane to the target. This comes in several forms depending on threat type. Machineguns are covered by the present GPMG and .50 calibre Heavy Machinegun and are anti-personnel. Anti-armour weapons, or Anti-tank are the other form of DFSW. These are, broadly speaking used for killing vehicles, both armoured and light and destroying bunkers and emplacements. Currently the Army has 66mm LAW which are designed for taking out bunkers and soft positions, and light vehicles but is unable to be utilised against serious armoured threats. It is a highly popular weapon being light and of a one shot disposable nature so as such is a good force multiplier against personnel on light infantry operations. We also have Carl Gustav which, or though packing more punch at 84mm as a Medium Anti-armour Weapon (MAAW) it is too old to be used for its original design purpose, that of eliminating tanks. The New Zealand Army seriously needs a new Anti-armour system to be capable of dealing with hardened emplacements and modern armoured threats. This was highlighted in Bosnia when Kiwi Company was threatened by armour and had to call on British personnel to counter the threat. In a tactical environment this is far from ideal. Any force must be reasonably capable of dealing with what, on a modern battlefield, would be deemed a reason expected threat. We require both forms of support and it would be unwise to buy into obsolesence, much less leave our troops tactically vulnerable because we have not allocated all requirements. Mk19 Mod3 The most proven of Automatic Grenade Launchers (AGL) the Mk19 is an American system by Saco Defence and has been around since the Vietnam era where it was first used by US Navy Patrol Boats. Current versions are simple to maintain and reliability is high. Special Air Service (SAS) troops use these these mounted on 4x4 Landrovers to impressive effect against both light armour and exposed infantry. These types of weapon have a impressive range, somewhat in excess of two kilometres, and are able to engage soft armour with the correct ammunition. They are also able to fire in the Indirect Fire mode and mount a full range of sight systems. Discharging multiple explosive grenades from short bursts makes for the capability of personnel to supress a large target area with little effort effectively. These factors are true of all AGL options. CIS 40mm This AGL from Singapore has the advantage of what is called the Air-Bursting System (40mm AGL-ABS) which increases both lethality and accuracy. This is enabled by way of a targeting computer and fuse timed ammunition. This allows for the engagement of hidden targets and those in slit trenches for example. Heckler und Koch GMG This system from Germany is very similar to a machinegun and can be fed from either side. The modular trigger group can be replaced with a solenoid for remote-control fire, when vehicle or helicopter mounted. It is fed by a NATO standard 32 round box which protects the linked 40mm belts from the environment ensuring a reliable fed. Making extensive use of aluminium this system is substanically lighter than the US Mk19. The GMG is also able to fire in the single shot mode as required, as opposed the normal fully automatic mode. Santa Barbara LAG 40 SB-M1 This AGL from Spain looks very much like the Mk19 but is quite different. A low rate of automatic fire makes the weapon easier to control whereas ammunition, being that is of the explosive variety means this has little impact on the weapon's performance. Feeding of ammunition can come from either side and maintenance is quick, being done without tools. The LAG 40 is currently in use by Spain and Portugal. New Zealand would most likely go with the US system for logistical and historical reasons, with the CIS having similar merits. Either way a combined DFSW and IF system is required for complimentary roles on the tactical battlefield. The former requires both a machinegun / cannon option for conventional ballistic firepower and the anti-armour / bunker buster explosive capacity for dealing with the full range of armoured vehicle threats and fortifications. Spike The Spike of the Israeli Rafael Armament Development Authority is a man-portable 3rd generation electro-optical anti-tank missile system with target auto-homing system capabilities. The missile provides exceptionally high-target destruction by way of using a top down mode of engagement. A standard fire and forget mode is present also a launch, observe and strike capability. This allows the operator to make a change in target after launch. In conventional warfighting this means a belated option of engaging a more worthwhile target, or preventing accidental engaging of friendly forces'. In peace keeping operations the same benefits can be accrued while also preventing unnecessary structural damage to civil buildings wherever possible. Regionally speaking Spike is used by Singapore. It is also used by Finland, and the Netherlands uses the dedicated fire and forget Gill version. Euro Missile Milan This ATGW, in use with British forces' is a highly effective battle tested weapon which was successfully used by several countries during the 91' Gulf War and also by the UK during the Falklands War. It is also relatively light and therefore can be used by dismounted infantry providing them with sufficient means to deal with any armoured threat. Milan 2 provides an improved warhead. A standard Thermal Imaging (TI) sight allows for all weather / night operation. As several nations' look to viable replacements for their Milan systems it may be possible for New Zealand to purchase Milan 2 at a reasonable price while still holding to a proven system of modern technology well capable of defeating any perceivable regional threat during operations. Milan 2T and 3 both have duel warheads for dealing with Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA) which is becoming more and more common. Milan 3 has a more advanced Thermal Imaging sight, enhancing night / all weather operation. Hughes TOW II Not a man portable system, the TOW requires to be mounted on vehicles for rapid movement. It is also mounted on helicopters. If TOW were to be adopted LAVIII or M113 armoured vehicles could mount these systems as is done in the US. In saying that TOW is one of the most effective ATGW in existence, able to destroy any armoured vehicles known. The Israelis' have developed a laser guided version of the TOW which dispenses with the need for a wire making it more useful in terrain such as forests where a missile can become tangled. If TOW was considered a viable option for the mobility of our forces then this rendition should be investigated. Both the UK and the US are looking for viable alternatives to this system, though it is in use by many countries and has greater range than most other systems. SMAW The Shoulder Launched Multi-purpose Assault Weapon is strongly based off the Israeli B-300 and is in use by the US Marines. A rocket launcher rather than computerised guided missile system it is used as a bunker buster designed for destroying hardened positions. Although it is effective it can not be deemed a substitute for a true ATGW, so as a result it can only be considered a viable replacement for current systems, the 66mm LAW and 84mm Carl Gustav. Minor issues with components of the SMAW would need to be investigated but the US Army used the system during the Gulf War and were suitably impressed with it. Night sights can be fitted and a built in 9mm spotting rifle permits the operator to fire a submunition before firing the main warhead increasing the chance of a first round hit. The Anti-armour round allows all but the most modern tanks to be engaged effectively. Bofors RBS 56 BILL This extremely effective ATGW uses a duel warhead to penetrate armour and also approaches a target vehicle from top down where the armour is weakest. Though the world’s first overfly top attack, or OTA system, weapons' like Javelin, Spike and the replacement for LAW80 all use this technology now. Like many of the contenders the BILL is man portable, with a crew of four, which may be tactically limiting, otherwise the Bofors would be a very likely contender. It should be seriously considered on leathality alone. This benefit would have to be weighed up with a perceived potential threat analysis. Javelin ATGW This US Anti-tank Guided Weapon (ATGW) has been recently picked up by Australia and will increase their capacity in this regard tremendously. While Javelin is both light and has a top down attack vector it also has a direct attack capability, to engage concealed targets. It may be wise for us to go with the same system for training and logistical purposes or though a system like Milan may be both more cost effective and more suitable to our needs. LAW80 and Saab MBT LAW We could get this heavy duty one shot disposable from the UK for a fair price as British forces look to the new MBT LAW as its replacement. It is another alternative, more effective light effective weapon in the nature of the current 66mm LAW. Either way it always wise for light infantry to have several LAW type rockets on hand in order to deal with aforementioned taskings, where a missile system is not warranted. A built in 9mm spotting rifle allows increased accuracy. Also these single shot alternatives are designed to be carried by a single man for faster movement on foot, they can destroy current Main Battle Tanks (MBT) at close range and can be used in confined spaces. The latter is important to note in urban operations and peace keeping missions. MBT LAW from Saab is entering British Army service in 2006/7.
Other options include the AGL Striker from South Africa but like rifle options from that country it would be most unlikely to procure weapons from there. Politics is such that we don't always get the best options, nor the cheapest, just what is deemed 'appropriate'. Tenders also seem to be very specific in that regard. The LAVIII is a case in point. .50 calibre Browning Heavy Machineguns and L16 81mm Mortars which the Army is currently equipped for the DF and IF roles need to be replaced if this is not already tabled. Both systems are superb and widely available. From an experience base and tactical efficiency base it would be wise to replace these weapons with the same or upgraded models rather than different systems. For the M2 Browning HMG it would be advisable to acquire the Quick Change Barrel (QCB) version to prevent the need for readjustments after changing the barrels out or assembly. Light Armoured Vehicle Options
An effective Armoured Vehicle coupled with adequate firepower is able to provide a realistic deterrent against hostility. That is, prevent it from happening in the first instance. If a hostile force has a readily exploitable means presented to them then Peacekeepers, those providing humanitarian aid and security are put at unnecessary excessive risk. The Armoured Vehicle provides fire support for the infantry, and light protection until such time as they dismount to engage opposing forces on foot. It also provides greater mobility over conventional light infantry movements. Unfortunately this is limited or impossible in close country such as bush and jungle, and dangerous in urban built up areas. Armoured Vehicles can mount automatic light calibre weapons, as well as anti-tank and surface to air (SAM) missile systems to counter those particular threats. LAVIII The Australians have their own version of the LAV, the ASLAV, which is the second generation of this series of vehicles. The Generation III of this vehicle which is proposed for this country is of little improvement in the way of armour protection and any other benefits such as Central Tyre Inflation systems are grossly outweighed by inflated prices. To compete with effective Russian systems which are being introduced into the region, such as the BMP3, a vehicle like the Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) needs to be considered, for both New Zealand and Australia if we are to expect a reasonable chance of success militarily against such threats. A upgraded M113 has limited enhancement potential and is not future dependable, nor is it recommended for modern tactical or operational environments. Such a reasonable expenditure has only become unreasonable because the wrong decisions have been made and purchases have not been made at an earlier stage. A simple ambush by militia using RPG-7 rocket launchers and Assault Rifles would totally wipe out a column of LAVIII vehicles which have wheels, not tracks, have inadequate armour, and are dependant on good roads for travel. A Warrior IFV has the firepower, mobility and protection required. Without the correct equipment even the most ill equipped militia will dictate where and how a contact will take place, at the expense of the better trained professional force. Thinking that such combatants (militia) are primitive, unremorseful or not tactically minded is foolhardy. The best variant of the LAVIII, an Armoured Recce (reconnaissance) model called the Coyote, which is equipped with modern Thermal imaging kit is able to provide highly effective battlefield intelligence for vital warfighting efforts. These assets are transparent for operations other than war, such as peacekeeping and even Search and Rescue (SAR). Coyote is not not being considered and this is unfortunate as it would make a valuable contribution to the mechanising of New Zealand Army Battalions.
Warrior This Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) has an upgrade path to Warrior 2000 which could be purchased in and around 2010, while any prospective upgrade packages in that time could be purchased at a later date. These vehicles can not be destroyed or otherwise tactically incapacitated by small arms and lack the obvious mobility issue of having tyres which can be shot out. A full range of weapons can be mounted on Warrior including 105mm guns which essentially make the IFV a fully functioning Light Tank. This final option might seem excessive, but to have the capacity for choice by way of variant of vehicle it gives more flexibility in deployment therefore allowing the best measures against envisioned threats.
Stormer Stormer of Alvis provides effective recce and light armoured support for dismounted infantry in light conflict / peacekeeping operations but does not provide a mechanising of the infantry force. This would not be difficult but a more purpose built design would probably save money. 30mm cannon provides adequate firepower to defeat any LAV and anti-tank missiles of various types can be mounted to defeat more stubborn targets or Main Battle Tanks (MBT) even though the latter are unlikely to be a threat in the foreseeable future. The Stormer is based on the very successful Scorpion which the New Zealand has previously had in service. The same company, Alvis makes the CV90, a dedicated IFV recently chosen by the Swiss Army. Also a tracked option. This family of vehicles allows a wide variety of weapons fits and task options including armoured ambulance, anti-tank, anti-aircraft missile, command vehicle and so on with the major advantage of commonality of parts which reduces logistical strain while providing all tactical needs. Such options make the Stormer very feasible giving great tactical flexibility while coming at a very reasonable price. Indonesia is the most recent customer to purchase Stormer, taking several variants including command vehicles.
Government support for an inadequate vehicle They will be used as fire support vehicles (FSV) and infantry mobility vehicles (IMV). M113 provide mobility, even on washed out roads and through bogs. The Army will get plenty of experience in vehicle recovery in the coming years. They can provide fire support so long as they are able to be in the right place. In many tactical situations this is much more difficult with a wheeled vehicle. In many cases where New Zealand operates in small light infantry units it is impossible regardless, for example in close country, that is jungle or bush. The 25mm Bushmaster is unable to provide cover fires in such terrain where Indirect fire (IF) is both effective and possible. Neither Anti-tank or mortar systems are being considered for the LAVIII. NZ no longer has a fire support vehicle. The Scorpion was withdrawn from service in 1998. A M113 can mount a 25mm cannon. They did mount the Scorpion turrets for a time. Turrets can also mount more effective options such as 90mm HV guns. Chartered Industries of Singapore has also developed a "40/50" turret for the M113. The turret carries a CIS 40mm Automatic Grenade Launcher (AGL) and 0.50in CIS .50 machine gun. Such an option must still be present on a missile carrier or other such variants enabling the vehicle to continue to have a reasonable influence on on a continuing engagement. It is also vital for self defence. NZ's existing armoured personnel carrier, the M113 is over 30 years old. It is unreliable, expensive to run, and struggles to meet the operational requirements expected of it (e.g. it is deficient in speed and protection) The LAV III has no more protection than the current APC and is more vunerable to small arms due to its wheels. A LAVIII which is riddled with small arms fire, due to a ambush, that is, a small unit inside the arc of the turret armament, will be killed regardless of its speed. The M113 is expensive to run. Also if you can show me a tactical situation where the 100 kph of the LAV will be a constant benefit over the M113, particularly in an off road environment, I will eat my hat. To consider such speeds as a benefit only related to rear echelon situations and light armoured reconnaissance for the purposes of unit survival. Additional armour to improved protection can be brought for both vehicles, at additional cost, and vehicular weight. Many of the US fleet M113 vehicles will be replaced with a new updated variant, the M113A4, which demonstrates that, or though our current vehicles do need replacing, their type is still an option, be it a more modern type. The LAVIII is able to carry two patients on stretches and can be used in this role when needed. So can an M113, no different in this regard. Pointless using a factor which does not advance the argument for the new vehicle. Tracked vehicles require more support. This is true. Pity that that means more people being employed in various trades. Even in the short term, operational advantages will be show through for the tracked option far outweighing these minor disadvantages. Any advantage of wheeled vehicles will soon be countered logistically as they get bogged down, are shown to only have any real advantage on well maintained roads and their mobility systems are shot out by small arms fire. Royal New Zealand Airforce Air power has been shown to be a decisive component of modern conflict. Considering New Zealand's remote location, which in modern terms makes us more vulnerable in the wake of modern technology, not less so as it was years ago, it is imperative that some means comes by which we can counter any reasonably proposed threat. Australia is hard pressed to meet its own Defence needs and it would be both unwise and untenable to lump them with the responsibility of defending our shores. Naval assets alone here are stretched and perceived encounters must be met with strong multi level resources to provide deterrents and prevent escalation. Our isolation also emphasises that any threat to our shores, although it may be detected could not be held. Distance is such that no other friendly nation could effectively prevent such an unlikely yet very possible situation. Fixed Wing Options Prior to disbandment the Fixed Wing elements of the Royal New Zealand Airforce consisted of the following;
One option suggested to me recently to replace disbanded aircraft was the Hawk 200. As a jet trainer this would only be sufficient for 14 Squadron, but would be a good start. The suggested option is just a stop gap until dedicated aircraft can be purchased. Unfortunately many have fallen into the marketing trap of the 'Light Strike Fighter' syndrome. Such an aircraft is fine for training and transition to dedicated fighter aircraft but you can't use them as a mainstay combat aircraft. One needs the right tools for the job. A bit like towing your boat with a Honda Civic, it can be done but is not advisable. A little like sniping with an Assault rifle. The acquirement of the F16 fighter was quosted by the current Labour government in favour of putting funds into, predominantly, the LAVIII for the Army. In Defence, like anything else you can not forgo one component for another. Despite public outcry, a well administered misinformation campaign and the government wish for an essentially exclusively Peacekeeping force it is very unlikely an Air Combat Wing will be re instated any time soon. The government is now looking towards Attack Helicopters, but this approach is again much like the LSF option. Maritime Strike is severely limited by range and such an option still leaves Australia out in the lurch, thereby the region. And even with the correct weapons fits, a Attack Helicopter is not well matched to take on other fixed wing fast movers. They are predominantly designed for troop support and anti-tank missions. We would still be left with a major gap in defence with this option, though it is ever critical that we remedy the troop support deficiencies. F16 Fighting Falcon The F16 has the distinct advantage of being one of the most well used and supported fighter aircraft in the western world, and indeed the Middle East. If we were to get the F16 it must be ensured that it is of a later model, not the A for example. Though the F16 has more operational range than New Zealand would require, it has numerous weapon fits for a variety of roles. It is not as good for key roles like Maritime Strike as they A4K that it would replace but that is outweighed by what would be a new, or near new aircraft. We do not want to buy into antiquated technology. Any new aircraft of any type needs to have reasonably up to date sensors, Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) suites and communications. We have left many issues in defence so long that this is the key reason for the expensive outlay now. F/A 18 Hornet Australia use these aircraft making it an effective option regarding cross training. Former RNZAF pilots have trained on these. With the news of Australia joining the US in the JSF (Joint Strike Fighter) project we would not doubt be encouraged to purchase the Australian Hornets as a interim measure. F20 Marketed as the F5F "Tiger II" this aircraft is both cheap and highly effective. It would need to be need to purchase through third party nation now though a high turn out of pilots can be trained due to Advanced Training component initiated by Northrop. Perhaps the only real disadvantage with this option is the lack of all-weather capability. Over 20 countries have at some stage used the Tiger II variant of this very popular aircraft. Harrier Dating back to the 80's where the RAF used the Harrier against Argentine Skyhawks during the Falklands war, this aircraft has proven itself to be effective and flexible. Used under several guises, including the United States Marine Corps Harrier AV 8B the Jump Jet would be ideally suited for the NZDF in a defensive capacity and also complimentary to overseas coalition efforts in the future. Most certainly this option would allow the purchase of RAF aircraft on the second hand market. It is able to operate on Naval flight decks and from relatively unprepared field bases. Due to the Vertical Take off and Landing (VTOL) nature of the Harrier it has no need of conventional runways. The Harpoon Anti-submarine missile can be utilised by the Harrier for the ASW role. While the US looks to take up the new Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) it might be a good chance to purchase a squadron compliment of these aircraft.
Rotary Wing Options The RNZAF helicopters are in serious need of replacing and a danger to those who fly them. Any replacement option needs to be able to perform a multitude of tasks and be able to operate in conjunction with operational partners. The two main approaches are; to hold a single aircraft type to carry out a multitude of tasks or, the more effective but expensive option which is to hold several types of aircraft to preform more specific tasks. In New Zealand it has always been the former, but with that comes the added expense that aircraft are pushed a great deal further by having to fulfil a great many more tasks. In the long term logistical strain and equipment wear is increased. Regardless of options chosen any combination of Rotary Wing Squadron(s) must be able to effectively conduct these roles;
AH-6 Hughes 500 Defender / OH-6A Cayuse / AH-6J Little Bird The above aircraft are all military variants of the Hughes 500. Being able to use civilian power plant this means a save on running costs, while able to switch to milspec power plant on Operations. A 4 man carrying capacity suits NZ light infantry tactics. Here such an option forces two aircraft up where before only one Huey was used. This forces tactical defence and enhances deployment survivalability. There are a great number of the H500 on the NZ civilian market. Flexible warload possibilities including Anti-tank missiles, rocket pods and 25mm Chaingun allow for effective ground support in realistic combat and peacekeeping operations. Kiowa Bell 206B (OH-58) Kiowa is also a popular and sensible alternative. This aircraft is a military version of the civilian 206A Jet Ranger. One advantage with this option is they are operated by the Australians. They were chosen in 1971, over the Gazelle, In the late 1960’s when the Australian Army had established a requirement for a Light Observation Helicopter (LOH) to replace the Bell 47G Sioux. A model which the RNZAF is still using. 161 and 162 Recce Sqn used these aircraft in East Timor. They are ideal for the observation and training roles.
Gazelle AH1 Used by the British Army Air Corps and the Royal Navy. Most useful for Airborne Reconnaissance missions, with quality transferable capacity in civilian roles such as Search and Rescue and Law Enforcement. Gazelle can also be armed, being capable of an Anti-tank missile fit such as the very effective US produced TOW. This helicopter from Aérospatiale is known for its agility and speed which dramatically increases a light helicopter's survival in a hostile situation. It is in widespread use around the world. EC-120 Civilian rotary wing aircraft being produced by Eurocopter for the Australian civilian market while the same firm is putting together the ADF ARH variant of the EuroCopter Tiger. Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter for Project Land 128. It is proposed that aircraft of this type are also being put together in this order for the New Zealand civilian market which increases the viability of this option substantially. EC-635 Another Eurocopter product, this military light helicopter is designed for SAR, utility, medivac and observation taskings while also being able to act in the ground support in both light assault roles and air to air. Very much a European equivalent of the Hughes 500 above. Utility Helicopter Options
The state of the RNZAF Iroquois fleet is beyond that of safe now and any proposal to upgrade these aircraft would be foolhardy. They need to be replaced urgently. Along with that adequate secure digital communications must be acquired enabling safe and effective communications with other operational elements. Huey There are newer models of our current rotary wing aircraft. They are widely used and such an option provides us with a previous personnel experience base. Twin Engine models improve surviability but increase maintenance costs. In service models could be upgraded but this, due to the already worn out componentry would not be advisable. Airframes beyond service live for some time are now deemed unsafe. To continue reducing standards to keep these aircraft in the air is not acceptable and could have severe consequences. New versions such as Bell 212 would be sufficient and an easy transfer for personnel. Blackhawk Used by Australia these aircraft have an unsatisfactory safety record. Used extensively by the US and Australia. Many different options available but just like using a Light Strike Fighter for any Air Combat role, it is best to have a dedicated aircraft for any combative role. Here, the Blackhawk would be adequate for both troop transport and logistical taskings. Any adoption of these aircraft would warrant a study of US and Australian experiences to establish a counter to prevent possible accidents. Also it is worthy of note that the Blackhawk option was explored by Australia for the Gunship option which EuroCopter Tiger won, but was rejected. Lynx Possibility of acquirement of Westland Lynx as UK forces work towards the Future Lynx (an upgrade of the Super Lynx 300) BLUH project. Battlefield Light Utility Project. Issues of maintenance / logistics need to be considered for this option for a reliable flow of spare parts. Initial training would be part of any purchase package. Gunship Options While the above models all have the capacity for Gunship operations, they are not specifically designed for this role. Like using a 'Light Strike Fighter' as a fighter when it is essentially a trainer, if you want to do a job, it is often more prudent to use the correct tool. We would wish for effective combat operations and safe peacekeeping operations and a single squadron of Attack Helicopters would ensure this. The Army is severely devoid of a modern Anti tank capacity and the Gunship option would help to remedy this in a airborne form both increasing survivability of the given assets while decreasing the mobility problems of man handling such weapons by Infantry personnel. A single gunship is also an incredible deterrent to counter potential violence of militia where, without, this violence is sure to occur. Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) and other defensive packages are also mandatory to counter the threat of missile systems but equipped with modern missiles a gunship is able to engage a greater number of targets out of harms way at 'stand-off'. Gunships also have the tactical ability to loiter nearby land forces' to be rapidly brought forward as required. EuroCopter Tiger Tiger is being acquired by Australia but this would seem at first sight to be 'overkill' for NZDF requirements. These purpose built gunships would only be necessary where by fixed wing purchases were not significant enough to fore fill all operational requirements. As an extra model to maintain and train this would make logistics unnecessarily complex. It would seem more sensible to adopt adequate fixed wing aircraft and suitable rotary wing aircraft in support of Infantry operations, maritime missions and peace keeping roles. Though an expensive option, costs can be reduced substantially if New Zealand brought in with Australia in a package deal. Logistics are enhanced significantly if New Zealand follows the Australian lead. Cross training is also a negated requirement. AH-1 Cobra There are several options in the Cobra family. If a gunship option is considered the Cobra combines availability with both proven effectiveness and favourable cost analysis. The US Army is phasing these older models out. While many nations use these highly effective Attack Helicopters they are still being made by Bell. They are far cheaper than models such as the AH-64 Apache, and Eurocopter Tiger. The USMC use Cobras. In the recent Australian options for a gunship, the AH-1Z Viper of the Cobra family was rejected but for New Zealand purposes and budget restrictions Cobra is a much more viable option.
AH-64 Apache Apache is used by the British Army (WAH) and by the US Army (Longbow and AH). This option is somewhat extravagant for New Zealand and does not provide compatibility with Australia. Effective and lethal, the Apache does not offer any significant advantage over Tiger ARH or Cobra which is not thereby rapidly overridden by its excess in cost in both outlay and upkeep. The Republic of Singapore Airforce (RSAF) has just begun taking in its first AH64 helicopters after the Apache won over the Eurocopter and South African Rooivalk, of which the selected is considerably more expensive. More flexible options are available with the likes of Apache over and above US suites, such as the United Kingdom's more effective HIDAS defensive suite fore example. Singapore uses this system in their AH-64 fleet. Air Defence Regiment Option
Proposal of RNZAF Air Defence Regiment New Zealand Defence Forces are severely vulnerable to air attack with only a limited capacity to protect its airspace against such threats. With the disbandment of the Combat Air Wing this has been infinitely increased. If we are unable to meet even a minimal threat of such nature out at sea, as the Skyhawks allowed, then as a cheaper but less effective counter to this problem Air Defence options could be proposed. This would consist of several batteries along our vast coastline. The Airforce would operate such forces in close cooperation with enhanced Army assets increasing interoperational capacity. All options can also be mounted on vehicles for higher levels of mobility and deployment. Such an option becomes even more pertinent with the disbanding of the Air Combat Wing. With both static and mobile forces of this kind we can have an adequate defence against incoming air attack. This does negate an ability to strike at any threat out at sea, but it does provide with additional early warning. Matched to Electronic Warfare (EW) of the RNZN this would provide the best means of national defence outside of reinstating a offensive air capacity. It must be stressed, for a country of the geographical disposition of New Zealand, the best defence is good offence, the battle being fought out at sea, where our land assets, both civil and military, are at minimal risk. New Zealand has not only a long reaching coastline but also distant strategic responsibilities to its neighbours. This strategic concern is intrinsically linked with trade and an ability to demonstrate the willingness to maintain these wider global concerns. The Navy gives New Zealand the ability, given appropriate assets, to provide anything from civil defence duties in outlying islands to providing direct security to military or humanitarian relief as has been demonstrated with East Timor. Rapier Rapier is used by Australia's 16 Air Defence (Light) Regiment 110 AD Battery. It is due for replacement in Australian service and it would be worth considering purchasing these weapons off Australia as a interim measure. They are still a viable option for another decade or more and this is purely a Self Defence acquisition for defending our lengthy coastline from air attack. Used with great effect in the Falklands, this system has a modern upgrade path, as shown with the UK Rapier 2000. Logistics,initial training and support can be provided by either the UK or Australia. Units like Singapore's Air Defence Brigade of the RSAF, whom are responsible for national air defence operations, use Rapier. Rapier is a battle tested system and has a solid record. Portable variants for mobility are available. Bofors RSB-70/90 This missile system is used by Australia's 16 Air Defence (Light) Regiment 111 AD Battery. This laser guided SAM is also used by the RSAF Divisional Air Defence Artillery Brigade. ARMAD is a three man turret version which holds the radar and Fire Control System (FCS) needed for self contained operation. It is let down by its relatively short range of five kilometres but RSB-70 is man portable, while also being more typically mounted on light vehicles. The RSB-90 has a greater range and more effective warhead thanks to the advances of technology.
Stinger This US light one man SAM is suitable for Special Forces operation and can be mounted in many configurations including vehicular for rapid mobile deployment. It is a widely used weapons system and its compactness makes it ideal for Light Infantry operating in close country. Currently the New Zealand Army has French Mistral which is in need of upgrading to keep it as a realistic low level air defence asset. 18 Defence Artillery Battalion of the RSAF also use Mistral. Stinger has a world wide reputation and is used extensively on airborne and land based platforms including AH-64 Attack helicopters and Avenger mobile Humvee SAM units. The first use of Stinger in a hostile situation was by the British SAS during the Falklands conflict.
ADATS Air Defence Anti-tank System uses a dual purpose warhead meaning the system can engage both Armour and air targets, out to a range of 10 kilometres, while detection is over twice that. The platform has eight laser guided missiles ready for launch. Two men can reload the ADATS without need for additional logistical support. A six unit battery can be linked to a common network, elements upto 20 kilometres apart sharing battlefield data. Both armoured mobile and static defence options are available. With LAVIII now the go, and scrapping of tracked armoured M113 APC's, the Army could most certainly look into the feasibility of placing the weapons and targeting systems of ADATS onto these vehicles. Switzerland use the ADATS on wheeled vehicles. It would provide more effective engagement of land based targets over Milan, but the Infantry still need a man portable Anti-tank capability. Just like the 25mm on the LAV, it will not allows be available or possible for vehicle mounted weapons to engage targets. Both Canada and the Royal Thai Air Force use this system, as well as Switzerland. The system is a joint project between Switzerland and Canada through Oerlikon Aerospace Inc. A Mk2 ADATS updating of technologies will keep this option on the leading edge of the battlefield for many years to come. This passive system was recently deployed to protect world leaders during the G8 summit meeting in Kananaskis, Alberta.
Air Reserve Option Proposal of RNZAF Air Reserve. As outlined in the rotary wing section New Zealand has a great many Hughes 500 and Jet Ranger Aircraft of which there are several military versions. New Zealand also has a great many skilled pilots. Pilots which are renowned all around the world for their daring and very capable abilities in the air. It makes sense to form a Air Reserve component within the NZDF ORBAT in order to boost the, particularly now,dwindling air component of the Armed Forces. Due to a virtual transparent skill base for flying these helicopters it makes sound economic sense. The Airforce would also be able to tap into the vast experience of these civilian pilots. As required Reserves would train as the Territorial Force (TF) does now, utilising a mix of civil and military aircraft to further reduce costs. Personnel can be called on for civil emergency operations, for SAR duties and training and be available as Army reserves are, for overseas deployments. Air Reserve would also be a major contribution to the Air Training Corps (ATC) cadets. Royal New Zealand Navy An effective anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and Mine Countermeasures (MCM) capacity must be maintained, if not upgraded. The threat made by Indonesia in this regard during initial deployment to East Timor should be enough to warn even the most blind of military critics. Both civilian patrol and Sealift have been identified by the government as lacking. The Navy and Airforce must be compatible and flexible. If rotary wing options were considered for the Airforce as an alternative to fixed wing then a good interoperability option would be a AH-1W Sea Cobra equipped with ASW suite. Although the 20mm Mk 15 Phalanx CIWS can be fitted to the ANZAC Class frigate these critical defence systems have not been acquired. One harrowing argument for a third ANZAC Class frigate is that only being able to have a primary naval vessel deployable for six months in every twelve is fundamentally floored. An Multi-role vessel (MRV) can not be deemed an effective replacement for a the Canturbury. If we consider the Antarctic to be of any value whatsoever then we need realistic capacity to patrol it. Currently we do not. Close In Weapon System (CIWS)
Options A CIWS provides naval vessels with the ability to engage targets which have already penetrates more primary systems like missiles. They are also able to destroy incoming surface targets like torpedoes or low flying aircraft which have not been eliminated by SAM systems. Goalkeeper This Close In Weapons System (CIWS) is a highly effective point defence system for naval vessels utilising a 30mm GAU-8/A Gatling gun which fires at some 4200 rounds per minute. Targets can be engaged to 2000 metres and can be detected well beyond that to 7000 metres in automatic mode while maximum detection is 18 nautical miles. Independent tracking and search radars allow for new targets to be acquired while others are concurrently being engaged by the weapon system. Goalkeeper can track up to 18 targets simultaneously and threat priorities for most effective engagement. Targets from low flying fixed wing aircraft through to sea-skimming missiles can be dealt with by Goalkeeper making it a viable option for Frigate defence. As overseas deployments have become more and more hazardous it makes sense to provide our naval forces with another dimension of close protection. It is a superior product to the US Phalanx and before the latter was to be acquired it would make sense to assess fully any systems in the same class. Regardless of Metalstorm having a questionable potential in the Individual weapons market, it does hold strong candidacy for point defence weapons. It would make a viable alternative to systems like Phalanx and Goalkeeper if and when necessarily deemed in the future. Bofors Systems like the Bofors 57 Mk3 allow for highly flexible and cost efficient options, essentially giving the RNZN the greatest tactical benefit without having to pay through the teeth for numerous different hardware for the multitude of roles they need to adequately preform. Additionally, especially where a CIWS was not present, a system like the Bofors L70 40mm automatic cannon would afford defence and offshore support at intermediate ranges between that of the Mk 45 127mm gun and machineguns. Surface threats can also be engaged. It is also in widespread use in the traditional role of air defence. The L70 can also be mounted on Patrol craft as primary armament. Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV)
Options The Offshore Patrol Vessel is able to enter higher seas and tolerate harsher conditions over that of Inshore vessels which stay relatively close to the shoreline. They are able to move at high speeds which increases response times to civil and military needs. A reasonable superstructure allows for self reliant weapons loads and the capability of a wide diversity of duties. Though it does not deal with the issues of operational turn around for the two currently servicing ANZAC class frigates, several OPV could, being correctly specified, fore fill the role of a single frigate. Again though, it has to do with having the right tools for the given job. Kingston Class Coastal Defence Vessel The Kingston Class Coastal Defence Vessel (MCDV) from Canada is a relatively new design built for coastal surveillance and patrol duties. A limited mine countermeasures capacity can be installed. They are armed with Bofors 40mm and .50 machineguns. These provides cost effective self defensive against both surface and air targets. The Canadian Navy uses the MCDV Modular Payload Bay to carry remote survey equipment, diving packages, and mechanical minesweeping system, as well as standard Zodiac and RHIB small boats.
80m Offshore Patrol Vessel This Australian OPV is designed for Maritime surveillance and patrol including EEZ, emergency evacuation, SAR tasks, and pollution control with the appropriate equipment incorporated. Warloads include SAM and SSM, CIWS and Surface launched Torpedos making this tactically flexible for offensive capacity, both as required and for training purposes. This may allow for such a vessel to be deployed in escort duties, for example, where possible, as an alternative to the otherwise more expensive frigate option. As these new vessels are designed specifically for the operational region it makes sense to acquire the same options as Australia in this case. Castle and Island Class The Royal Navy uses two Class of OPV. Castle Class are larger than their Island Class brothers but has a helicopter platform. These craft are specially intended for patrolling and fisheries protection duties. This includes gas and oilfield installation protection in and around the British Isles. Their main role for the RN now is to come to the aid of damaged or stressed shipping. The hull is of a trawler design making it rugged for the environs they are intended for. Either vessel type can be armed as required, usually with light automatic weapons such as machinegun or cannon. While these vessels are due to be replaced this year (2002/2003) by the River Class, it may make economic sense for New Zealand to procure the older vessels if it was deemed wise after investigation. Whether the government would be willing to acquire new OPV is debatable. If so then the River class Future Offshore Patrol Vessel (FOPV) would be another viable option, though second hand requisition has unfortunately brought us to the current predicament in defence. Standard Flex 300 The smallest in the series is the Standard Flex from Naval Team Denmark is a light MRV able to change between a multitude of roles within hours. These roles include standard type operations along with oceanographic research, diver platform, hydrographic survey and tug work. It is also well armed and can travel at 30 knots for rapid response times to civil emergencies. Sealift Options Government statements declare that strategic Sealift is too much a specific investment for this country to invest in. NZDF requires at least a feasible form of effective tactical sealift, and chartering civil shipping is not wise, neither at short notice or where deployment to potentially hostile environs is possible. It has been proposed that a Multi-role Vessel (MRV) be purchased. Standard Flex series The Flexible Support Ship from Naval Team Denmark has a roll-on/roll-off capability for either an Army Company with 55 vehicles including Main Battle Tanks (read LAVIII for New Zealand), or a mobile hospital. It has six containerised weapon installations and carry one or two medium size helicopters respectively. This type is especially equipped for Peace Support Operations. Singapore Technologies Marine LST Locally built by Singapore Technologies Marine RSN RSS Resolution and RSS Endurance are two (Landing Ship Tank) LSTs from the RSN's new-generation LSTs. The new LSTs are equipped with the latest technology such as the Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) for more accurate and safer navigation at sea. They have greater lift capacity and longer range but operate with half the crew of the five former US vessels they replace. With much improved technology and more effective systems this will allow the SAF overseas training requirements, as well as in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions. This LST comes with four fast craft small boats and is provided with a flight deck. This is a viable modern new option for the RNZN, such a purchase would be regional, and also enhance the strong defence ties we have with Singapore. This type has been noted by the government as a possible replacement for Upham and Endeavour. This is the largest class of ship in the RSN and they belongs to the 191 Squadron. They were designed and built locally to replace the old County-Class LSTs. She is fitted with modern technologies, a well dock, flight deck and 4 Fast Craft Equipment Personnel (FCEP) to allow less manpower operations. The 13m FCEP from ST is a high-speed shallow draft landing craft capable of carrying passengers such as a platoon of troops with equipment or a vehicle up to 4 tonne in weight. It has complete beaching capabilities for offloading. RSS Endurance Landing Ship Tank (LST) has gained the distinction of being the first RSN vessel to circumnavigate the globe. Gunboat Option Just ask the British about Africa, or the early 1800's and the effect of gunboats before any jeering starts. Modern warfare does not beguile the concept of small highly mobile vessels covering vast coastlines has they did so long ago. The idea is many small coastal vessels, supported by Cutters, essentially a highly manoeuvrable rapid response force with the capacity to engage illegal fishing vessels, perform coastal search and rescue, maritime fire fighting and protection of vital civil shipping. Direct military tasks includes being able to engage low flying aircraft with SAM systems, and countering coastal infiltration, such as counter maritime special forces missions. For many intents and purposes the Gunboat becomes a seaborne platform able to carry everything from sonar equipment, mortars and automatic grenade launchers and SAM missiles while also being able to ferry specialists such as medics, EOD or provide logistical support in emergencies. All these things can be done over short ranges at very high speeds. Such an option requires localised support but is very sustainable compared to larger displacement vessels. In such scenarios there is strength in numbers enabling large waterways to be secured easily while the nature of the deployment method gives much more mutual support. CB90H Combat Boat The Swedish company of Dockstavarvet AB produces the CB90H Combat boat which is capable of carrying up to 21 men or 4 tons of stores, and being fully laden is able to exceed speeds of 30 knots. Been able to mount weapons from machineguns through to cannon and ASM mines such a vessel is able to preform a mired of offensive tasks. Having said that the Navy would have an ability to respond rapidly to fisheries violations, counter sub surface incursions and enjoy an enhanced patrolling capacity thereby being able to reduce the already strained frigate fleet. This vessel could also take on board surveillance equipment such as Thermal Imagers (TI) and TV cameras for Search and Rescue work or laser designators and laser rangefinders for combat orientated targeting missions. Full computerised navigation with integrated GPS is provided. Serving ANZAC Class frigates currently use SaabTech systems. CB90E is a unarmed export model of this vessel which would allow the RNZN to arm as appropriate rather than take any standard fit.
Marine Detachment Option The argument for a dedicated Marine force, be it proposed a realistically small one, should be as obvious as it is strong. Not only does such a force help to take strain off seamen in the Navy it also provides a solid transferable contingent between the Army and the Navy for coastal operations. Rather than a strictly separate entity it would no doubt be wiser, due its size, to make these maritime specialists a integral part of the Navy. If seen as beneficial such a move could pave the way for Special Forces unit to further enhance the unit for greater tactical flexibility. Such a concept makes for dedicated professionals who train in roles such as boarding, amphibious beach head reconnaissance and raiding allowing more so soldiers to be soldiers and sailors to be sailors. This concept is further reinforced by the telling shortfalls noted in the Maritime Forces Review that they is no Maritime counter terrorism capacity in this country, a shortfall which can be exploited with little or no effective repulse. In the unlikely but grave event that Maritime Special Forces are required one does not want to rely on ad hoc responses or non-specialist solutions. There is a reason the Germans created GSG9, and a reason the British Royal Marines maintain a Special Forces element, the SBS. For New Zealand, in these modern times, especially considering our geographical disposition this is a concern that needs to be addressed.
Coastguard On that note, for many of the above reasons and further to our wellbeing as a nation, security would be further enhanced by a complete assessment of the Coast Guard particularly considering more recent world events. Biological and Chemical forms of terrorism are more prevalent and probable than most other forms. Volunteers play a huge role in the operation of the Coast Guard, and although this demonstrates service to the community, for such an institution that should be present sure enough but not a steadfast requirement of effective operation. Assets for the Coast Guard are adequate at very best and some transformation does have to come about. Such an organisation should not have to depend on private vessels to do their work. Especially in a country well capable of producing suitable sea going craft for the tasks required. With cooperation from the Armed Forces and New Zealand Customs we can have a tangible cohesion for such defence over and above present capabilities. Links Warrior IFV - Armoured vehicle OH-58D Kiowa - Reconnaissance / Attack Helicopter The Truth on LAV III - real world experience with the LAV III MILAN - Anti-tank Guided Missile Metal Storm - the future of Australian defence ANZAC - Lest we forget
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